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The physical universe is a scientific theory given about the origin of the universe. One of the main features of this theory is the emergence of the universe at a particular moment rather than a continuous process. This theory says that from today about 13.7 billion years ago the universe was created from a very dense and heated state. Scientist Edwin Hubble said that when reviewing the velocity of distant galaxies overall, they are moving away from the other side, which means the universe is gradually expanding. This is explained in terms of the general theory of relativity-the Lithium-Robertson-Walker metric. With the help of these theories, past analysis shows that the entire universe has originated from an ancient point of state. In this condition, all materials and energy were very hot and dense. But there is no consensus among physicists about what happened before this condition. However, for the earlier interpretation of general relativity, the gravitational Advaita point (singhalari) has proposed a word.
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The word "Big Bang" refers to the very old explosion of the oldest point in which the universe was formed, whereas on the other hand, the explosion involved the theory of cosmology in the universe about the origin and formation of the universe. This explains the structure of the oldest objects in the universe, for which the theory of Alfar-Bete-Gamf was enacted after the Big Bang theory. A significant result of the Big Bang is that the present state of the universe is completely different from the past and future. Through this theory, in 1948 George Gamham could predict that cosmic microbial background radiation existed. It was discovered in the 1960s and it was able to prove the theory of the Big Bang theory by abolishing the theory of static theory.
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History
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The Big Bang theory has originated from the efforts of the universe and the combination of theoretical theory. Space observers see that most of the spiral nebula is moving away from the Earth. However, the explanation from the cosmological point of view is further followed, we know now that the nebula observed, was not actually the nebula but rather the galaxies outside our galaxy. George Lemetr, a Roman Catholic missionary in Belgium, first freedman equations in the field of Einstein's field of independence in 1927. Einstein introduced the field equations for general relativity. After submitting the Friedman equation, Lemetrho proposed based on the sequence of the spiral nebula, the universe has originated from a primitive atom, which is now known as the Great Explosion.
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Two years later, Edwin Hubble presented an observational evidence in favor of Lemetra's theory. He discovered that the red light removed from visible galaxies from the earth is being removed and this removal is proportional to their distances from the Earth. That is, as far away from the Earth as a galaxy, the spectrum of light emitted from it is moving towards red or long wavelengths. This phenomenon is now known as Hubble's policy. According to the cosmological principle, when the universe is found to be sufficiently large enough to reach the distance, there is no specific direction or place available. Hubble proves that this theory is true that the universe is expanding. But this theory is completely opposed to the theory of infinite and unchanging world established by Einstein.
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There are two distinct possibilities. The design of the condition of a froth, which suggests that the new particle may be formed when the universe starts expanding. According to this design, the universe remains the same in any point of time. The other is Lemmetro's Great Explosion Theory that was largely completed by George Gamham. Lemetro gave the name of this theory but Halley did. On the 28th March, 1949, in the Third Program, held in the year 1949, in Holland, in the event of a lot of humor, Lemeterra called this theory "big bang", which means a huge ruckus. Even after this, he was seen using the same name at different events. In 1950, he used this name to explain Lemetra's theory in five important lectures given on "Religion of the Object". Within a week of the lecture, each of these was published in The Listener's magazine. The name "Big Bang" is used in the first printed letter in this magazine. Apart from these two designs proposed by Hall and Lemetre, several designs are proposed to be related to the origin of the universe. Notable among these are the Milne model, the proposed volatile universe proposed by Richard Tolman and Fritz Zwicky proposed weak lighting projects.
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For a while, there was considerable acceptability of both the state of static state and the Big Bang theory, and there was also a lot of controversy for controversy. But during the period, many important observations are attained, most of which testify to the acceptance of the second theory instead of the first. After the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation in 1964, the Big Bang theory was adopted as the most useful theory of the origin and evolution of the universe. In modern times, one of the main topics of cosmological research is the creation of galaxies in the light of the Big Bang theory and the evolution process. It is also decided from the cosmological point of view and for how exactly the explosion took place. The progress of current cosmology is largely dependent on coordination of real observations with the main theory of the Big Bang. Since the 1990s, research related to the Big Bang has become much easier. High-powered telescopes and its proper functionality make it possible. At present people have Kobe, Hubble Space Telescope and WMAP's high power debris. As a result, current globalists can easily measure the amount of big bangs. This led to an unexpected discovery; And that is the evolution of the expansionary universe.
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General Discussion
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The age of the universe, based on three measurements, is approximately 13.7 ± 0.2 billion years. These measurements are three: the measurements of the expansion of the universe using the first type of new nebula, measure the temperature of the temperature in the cosmic microwave background, and the correlation function of the galaxies. These three measurements have been made independently and three measurements have deeply supported the so-called Lambda-CDM design. This design is capable of giving a nice description of everything inside the universe.
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In the beginning of creation, the universe was full of equilibrium and simultaneously, with very high energy density and high temperatures and stressed substances. After 10-43 seconds of the creation of the universe, the formulas of physics got the effect. So this time is called Plank time. A phase change occurs in about 10-35 seconds after the Planck period, which causes the cosmic swell to start. At this time the universe began to expand. Since then, exponential expansion of the universe has largely started.
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After the cessation of cosmic swell, there was a substance called quark-glueon plasma in the universe. Currently, this type of material is made by scientists who are known as quark gluon fluids. All components in this fluid are running subject to one another - all the basic particles in the fluid are also running in the liquid in this way. There is a reaction in this substance at one point in space-time, which is not yet known to humans. Because of this reaction, the protection of baryon numbers has been violated, and the quantity of quark and lepton particles slightly increases compared to their reaction. That means quarks and leptons have increased slightly in comparison to every quarter and per-leopard. Its rate was one percent per 1010 percent. This process is called biorogenesis.
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As the volume of the universe increases, the temperature decreases. At the time of the reduction of temperature, the state of transition occurs at one stage, resulting in symmetrical erosion. Due to the breakdown, the basic forces of physics have got separate independent existence. At the same time, the basic particles were formed, which is still in the same condition. Quark and Glouon combine to create baryons, such as protons and neutrons. Because of the increase in the quantity of quarks, the amount of baryon is slightly increased compared to the per-barium. A new proton / prototype pair can not be created under a specific temperature. Along with this, the remaining protons and prototypes begin with the full annihilation of the mass. As a result, the antitoxin becomes completely exhausted; And the proton is almost exhausted. However, some protons remain. The same happens to neutrons / rectangles. This phenomenon occurs in low temperatures at the field of electrons and allele or positron.
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After some time, protons and neutrons combined together form the first element of the universe, deuterium and helium concentrations. This process of creation is called the Big Bangle Centric Synthesis. The process of cooling the universe continues; Once the process resulted in the relative speed of the particles in the particles decreased. These particles had two types of power density: freeze density and radiation energy concentration. Due to decreasing relative velocity, the immovable energy density dominates gravitationally on the radiation energy density. After about 380,000 years of the Big Bang, electrons and nuclei combine to form atoms; Mainly, hydrogen atoms are formed. By the formula, the energy dissociated from the substance spreads into the universe in the form of radiation; Because it does not have to face any constraints. The name of this ancient radiation is cosmic microwave background radiation.
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With the expansion, the universe's distribution was almost balanced. But there was some discrepancy between this. Due to this, areas which are densely concentrated from other regions attract other objects around the gravity force. They are created by galaxies and other astronomical objects that we can see today. But this process is not so easy. Its main factors depend on the type and quantity of matter in the universe of the region. Then there were three possible substances in the universe: cold invisible objects, hot invisible objects and extrinsic objects. Based on the most reliable data from the WMAP, the most reliable information available in the universe is that the amount of coolest invisible objects in the universe is about 80 percent. The other two types of objects are only 20%
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There is a mysterious kind of power around most of the present universe. The power that is most responsible for the huge mass and energy of the universe is called invisible energy or dark energy. This invisible force is about 70 percent of the total power density of the current universe. The graphic line is not straightforward when expressing the universe's expansion through a velocity-related text. This is because of the invisible energy. That is, when the distance is too much due to this energy, then the speed of that object is much higher than normal. That is, the increase in speed increases the amount of velocity increases. When this simple matter is brought into effect, this amount of invisible energy takes the form of a cosmic constant in the field of Einstein's equation, even though the actual form of this energy is still unreliable. In other words, both theoretical and theoretical aspects of this energy position and its relation with the ideal pattern of particle physics are still left and many studies and studies remain still.
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All these observations have been linked to cosmology LAMMA-CDM design. This design, consisting of all design extract, is mainly mathematical, so that there are six free parameters. However, the mysterious situation arises when we throw the vision in the beginning of the universe. At that time the energy of the particulate matter was so high that even today's experiments can not be used in realistic research. After 10 to 33 seconds after the Big Bang, there is no known formula for the explanation of the situation in physics until today. There is no substitute for the unified theory to explain the earlier state of this period of phase difference. At the first point of the explosion, a gravitational exceptional point of view was conceived in Einstein's gravitational theory. It has been said that density at this point was infinite. To solve this physical mythology requires a quantum gravitational theory. Preparation of a time-consuming theory to understand this issue is currently the biggest solution to the problem of physics.
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The fundamental basis of the theory
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The Big Bang theory depends on the following assumptions:
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The universality of physical principles
Cosmic Principles
Copernican Principles
Initially, these ideals were considered as antecedent. But now we are trying to prove them. The universality of physical principles has been tested, it is found that the maximum structure of the constant structure on the age of the universe is more than that of the 10-5. The isotropic of the universe that defines the cosmic principle is measured as 10-5 degrees; In the form of a large range, the universe was found to be a synonym for pure 10 percent of the degree of purity. Currently trying to measure Copernican principles This is being measured by observing the interaction of the CMB with galactic and stanza. Sunyaev-Zel'dovich is considered to be the verb to see the interaction. In this case, one percent is expected to be pure.
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Integrating these assumptions with Einstein's general relativity theory implies that space-time is to be described as a problem and isotropic metric. From this it is easy to understand that this metric will be the FRW Metric. These metrics rely on a coordinate chart that is spread all over the space-time and through which we can identify any point in the space. The specific chart used is the Comoving coordinate system. The lines of this chart extend with the expansion of the universe at a rate and in the same direction. As a result, the coordinates of an astronomical object are always the same. The cumulative distance of the comoving points increases proportionally with the scale scale of the universe, although the distance of the coordination distance is equal to the coordinate distance of any two points.
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Explaining the universe with these coordinates, it is seen that the great explosion is not merely a blast of some substances in order to fill the empty universe, but the space itself has been elaborated in a specific rule and consequently the physical distance of the comoving points increased. Objects that are unified (eg: atoms, humans, stars, solar systems, galaxies) do not move away from each other by expanding with space-time expansion; Because the force that keeps them together is stronger than the force responsible for Hubble's expansion.
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Here we can use the term conformal time (η {\ displaystyle \ eta} {\ displaystyle \ eta}), in this case the whole space-time metric takes the form of a static metric and that this metric is multiplied by the overall scale producer multiplied by the original metric Goes. Conformal time coordinates are quite important. Because the amount of light radiation travels on a particular travel is equal to the convection time between the travel. From this there is understanding of the span of time and space. For example; The Big Bang took place at a specific concrete time in the past. Please say this conformational time is η0 {\ displaystyle \ eta _ {0}} {\ displaystyle \ eta _ {0}}. Now the objects of the comoving distance from η0 {\ displaystyle \ eta _ {0}} {\ displaystyle \ eta _ {0}} are far more than us that the light will never reach us from there. That is, we will never see the whole part of the universe. Here is the concept of the past horizon originated from. If the universe is expanding with acceleration, then only a specific number of conformal times will be for the future. This is expressed by ηF {\ displaystyle \ eta _ {F}} {\ displaystyle \ eta _ {F}}. Of course, this conformational time is almost unlimited compared to our clock, which is called the right time. The object that comovic distance is greater than this cηF {\ displaystyle c \ eta _ {F}} {\ displaystyle c \ eta _ {F}} will never be able to come from us. That is, we can not influence the entire universe. That is, it also has a future horizon.
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Observational evidence
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Three observations and experiments were mentioned as evidence of cosmology. These are: the expansion of Hubble-type, seen in the red erosion of the galaxies, the broad measurement of cosmic microwave background and the abundance of photocopies. In addition, the observation correlation function in large-scale formation of the universe eats well with the ideal mahaboshan theory.
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Cosmic microwave background radiation
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The Big Bang theory tells the existence of cosmic microwave background radiation. The other name is the CMB, which is composed of photons released during the first bariogenesis. As the thermal equilibrium prevailed in the original universe, radiation temperature and plasma amount were equal until the plasmas were reconnected again. Before the formation of atoms, the radiation was stabilized steadily and was absorbed again, which is known as Compton scattering. That is, the original universe was opaque to the light. However, as the universe progressed, it gradually cooled down and at one point the temperature dropped below 3,000 kilowens. At this point the concentrations and electrons combine to form atoms. At the same time, plasmas of the early era are transitional in an inert gas. The name of this process is photon decoupling. Then, in the universe, only a neutral atmosphere was combined with neutral atoms and various gases. As a result, the emitted radiation from the substance gets the opportunity to navigate the whole universe without any obstruction. Since the thermal equation prevailed in the primitive universe, then the spectrum of the radiation of the radiation was the spectrum of spectral radiation. Later, due to the Red removal of Hubble's principle, their temperature decreased and deviation from the behavior of the blacksmith.
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In 1964, Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson accidentally discovered background radiation. During this time, they were evaluating the value of various observations by a small-scale customer device owned by Bell Labs. The radiation that they discovered was isotope, and in them the body of radiation radiation was flaming; Its temperature was about 3 kelvin. This discovery became a combination of the Big Bang theory and gave Penzias and Wilson the Nobel Prize.
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In 1989 NASA sends a spacecraft to detect background radiation, named Cosmic Background Explorer Satellite or COBE. Information obtained from this artificial satellite in the 1990's supports the idea of the Big Bang theory about background radiation. The quantity of residual temperature obtained by Kobe was 2,736 Kelvin. It is also known that, the CMB isostoprifugal in one part dose of 105 percent. In 2003, more accurate information was obtained through the WMAP called Artificial Satellite. Through this, many designs related to cosmic bullying are proved wrong. However, its information remains on the basis of cosmic bulge theory.
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The abundance of elementary elementary particles
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It is possible to measure the proportion of helium-4, helium-3, deuterium, and helium-7 with the common hydrogen in the universe using the Big Bang design. The abundance of these elements depends largely on the ratio of photons and barions. The ratio that is expected (in mass) in this design is quite similar:
About 0.25 for 4He / H
About 10-3 for 2H / H
About 10-4 for 3He / H
About 10-9 for 7Li / H
These ratios can be said in advance through a single digit. That is the ratio of baryons and photons. This sequence is loose for 7Li and 4He; Because there is nothing specific to the systematic uncertainty of these two elements. However, this abundance is a clear evidence for the Big Bang theory; Because the amount of this abundance can not be explained by any theory other than the Big Bang. Surprisingly, in the new universe, deuterium is more than helium than deuterium or deuterium more than heel (3He); And they always maintain constant proportions.
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Galactic evolution and distribution
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Fine analysis shows that the distribution of galaxies and quasars and the distribution of large-scale structures support the Big Bang theory. All such observations are reviewed and it is known that about one billion years after the Big Bang took place, the first galaxies and quasars were created; And since then, there have been a large range of structures such as galaxies and superstars. The age of the galaxies is increasing gradually and there is also the evolution of evolution among them. For this reason, distant galaxies (which are very ancient) seem to be more than relatively close to the galaxy (currently observed). Furthermore, the galaxies that are formed late are very different from ancient galaxies, even if the present is remote. That is, the time of creation is becoming the chief, the key to evolution. These observations are entirely against stagnant theory.
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Problems and various important issues
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At present, almost all researchers accepted the theory of the Big Bang, but this was not the case at one time. Many people believed in some options cosmic design. These were developed by non-standard Cosmology. Over time, there have been many debates, whose main purpose was to find out exactly what design is best suited with astronomical observations. Because of the popularity of the Big Bang theory, these debates are seen from a historical perspective; To solve these, many changes have been brought to this theory, and sometimes better observations have been done. Apart from the problems that have been solved, there are more problems, such as: Caspi hello problems and cool invisible objects galaxies problems. However, these problems are not very contradictory to the Big Bang theory.
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The Big Bang theory gave birth to many questions which have no correct observation system in our world. These include problems arising from invisible strength, invisible objects, cosmic bulge, etc. These are known to be soluble in physics. To solve these, we need to study the main subject of the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation and the study of the new stars in the formation of a vast range of the universe. The gravitational effects of the problem are quite understandable today through observation and theory. But these theories were not properly arranged in the ideal patterns of particle physics. Many have tried to find out the answers by basic physics, and this has created different theories. Here are some important issues and other issues related to it:
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Horizon problem
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The horizontal problem has been created since the notion that information can not run faster than the light. From this, it is understood that there is no possibility of causal linking between two space in the distance in which the distance between the distance is greater than the speed of light and the age of the universe. The ecosystem that observed cosmic microwave background radiation has caused more problems in this case, since the horizon of this period is about the size of the space of about 2 degrees. If the universe had to be elongated from Planck EPP in the same way, the temperature in these regions could not be the same.
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Equality Problems
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Equality problem is an observational problem related to the Freudman-Lemight-Robertson Walker metric. Generally there are three types of geometry in the universe: hyperbolic geometry, Euclidean geometry or elliptical geometry. Which kind of geometry will work depending on the amount of total energy of the measured universe, with the help of the torque-tensor tensor. If the density of the universe is less than the density of the tropics, it will abide by the hyperbolic geometry, if the elliptical and the equal is Euclidean. The universe must have lived in 1015 percent of the density of its original condition. Whether it was its thermal death or severe constriction, these fields would not exist anymore in the universe. This problem has emerged as a solution of the volatile theory of the universe. At the inflationary stage, space-time had expanded so much that any residual curvature associated with it would have been exhausted very well. That is why it is said that after accepting the bulk of the universe, the universe has to get almost completely flat.
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Magnetic monopoles
The first magnetic monochrome concept was raised in the late 1970s. According to the Great Integrated Theory, it was predicted that there are several pointers in the space that could be published as a magnetic monochrome more than normal observation. It is possible to reach a solution to this problem by cosmic bullet theory. Inflammation theory removes all the defects in the observable universe, just as it creates an environment suitable to describe the structure of the universe as flat.
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Baryon unpredictability
This matter is still unclear why antimatter is more than the antimatter in the universe. It is assumed that when the universe was fresh and hot, it was maintaining a statistical equilibrium that means it was equal to the amount of baryon and every barium. But the current observation has proved that the observable universe is almost entirely composed of materials. The solution to this is said, an unknown method called bariogenesis is causing this inconvenience. Sakharov conditions must be fulfilled for bariogenesis. Scientists Andrei Sakharov raises these conditions. These conditions have said that the universe must contain the baryan number which is not preserved, it must be violated by sy symmetry and CP-symmetry and the universe must be away from the heat-resistant equilibrium. All these conditions are observed in the standard design, but its effect could not present enough evidence to explain the existing baryan abnormalities. Research is currently underway in Geneva to find enough hybrid hydrogen storage, so that the spectrum of hydrogen can be compared to them. If there is any difference between their spectral, then it will violate the CPT symmetry, and even though Lorentz will be violated.
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Spherical stanza era
The observation of globular clusters in the 1990s is not consistent with the Big Bang theory. According to the computer simulation of the total number of spherical stanzas in the universe in the universe, it is known that they were formed approximately 15 billion years ago. But according to the Big Bang theory, the universe is only 13.7 billion years old. Of course, this problem is solved a few years later, when more advanced technologies emerge in computer simulation. At this time the effects of stellar wind are observed and the stanzas are much less available. Of course, there is still doubt that the exact age of the stanzas is determined correctly. But there is no doubt that they are one of the oldest creations of the universe.
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Invisible object
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It was proved by various observations in the 1970s and 80s, that the amount of apparent energy of the galactic force in the universe and its gravitational force in the intermediate space
It is not possible to provide energy to the visible substances that are proportional to the amount of the elements in the universe. That is, the energy is much higher than that of certain substances. After this, scientists were forced to accept that almost 90% of the universe is not the general baryon material, but they are dark matter. Previously it was thought that all the elements in the universe are common, which we can see or understand. But this idea was incompatible with the observation. Excluding the idea of the invisible object, the amount of deuterium in the universe should be less than it is now. To solve this problem, there is no guarantee except invisible objects. Although this material created a great deal of controversy after the first discovery, most of the world's topologists still accepted it. Because there is no substitute for explaining the anisotrophy that has been observed through the CMB in a scientific way. Also, the presence of this object has to be acknowledged by the introduction of galaxies, the distribution of large-scale universe, gravitational lensing studies, and dyeing radiation from the galactic vertex. In 2006, with the observation of the bullets of galactic galaxies in August 2006, scientists are now convinced of invisible objects. It is almost impossible to identify invisible objects. Because its gravitational effects are not understood properly. Until now, no inventory could be found in a laboratory. The topic of many important research in particle physics is currently invisible.
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Invisible strength
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In the 1990s, a detailed statistics of the total mass density of the universe were released. According to this statistic, the mass density of the universe is only 30% of the tropic density. By measuring the cosmic microwave background, it is known that the universe is almost almost flat. For this reason, there is no interpretation of about 70 percent of the energy density. This mystery now points to another topic: It has been proved through the independent measurement of the type of ultra-innovation that the expansion of the universe is being carried out in an atomic acceleration. To understand this acceleration, it is necessary to take into account the concept of a universe in general relativity theory that there is a need to have a large number of negative energy components. This is the idea of the invisible energy that has come from here. It is believed that this energy constitutes the remaining 70%. Its nature is one of the mysterious issues of the current Big Bang theory. Potential solutions are found in the calculation of the cosmic constant's scalar values and the amount of quintessence that constitutes physical space. However, the research is still going on to understand this issue. According to the data obtained from WMAP in 2006, there are 74% invisible strength in the universe, 22% invisible objects and only 4% of the common objects.
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According to the Big Bang theory, the future
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Before the discovery of invisible energy, cosmologists used to have two ideas about the consequences of the universe. If the mass density of the universe is more than the concentration of the troposphere, then the universe will begin to shrink again after reaching a certain size. Then it will be thick and hot again and once it reaches the original condition that the great contraction started. On the other hand, if the density is equal to or less than the concentration of the tropics, then the expansion will slow down, but will never end. The more the universe will expand, the more its density will be reduced and the new stars will not be formed. The average temperature in the universe will be asymptotic, and the condition of large freeze will be created. During this time, black holes will be self-evaporated. Entropy of the universe will grow to a point where it will not get any well-organized strength. The name of this condition is the thermal death of the universe. In addition, if proton is unstable, then hydrogen (one of the primary baryonic numbers in the current universe) will disappear, only radiation will remain.
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With modern observation on the expansion of the universe, we know that the present visible universe will go out of our event horizon and we can not even see the current visible places. It is not known what could be true. The invisible force of the universe has been shown as a cosmic constant in Lambda-CDM design. This theory states that only the gravitationally limited objects in the universe will be together, such as the galaxy; However, due to the expansion and cooling of the universe, they will also cause thermal death. Another theory is the Phantom Power Doctrine. According to this, galaxies, stars, planets, atoms or concentrations will all be scattered at one time and in the ever-expanding universe, the Big Rip will be created once for that.
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Estimated physics beyond the boundary of the Big Bang
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Although the theory of superbness in the universe may seem inevitable, its future may need to be reformed. In our time, our actual knowledge of the time we have assumed that swell has started is very limited. Theory of help can be more than just the image of the universe presented. In the case of inflation, we certainly do not realize that exponential expansion has pushed large areas of space out of our observable horizons. Detailed knowledge about what actually happened when the formulas of physics are understandable on the high power scale. All assumptions about this are discussed as quantum gravitation.
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Here are some suggestions:
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All other designs, including the condition of the Hartle-Hawking border, have been found to be finite in space-time;
The brain cosmology design, in which the brain is included in inflation. This theory suggests swelling of the brain theory due to the movement of the brain; Pre-maelstrom design, monochromatic design in which the great explosion is seen as a cause of collision among brains and the cycle design. The latter is a different form of apeirotic design in which case collision occurs periodically;
The chaotic bulge, in which the swell for the universe began with some random conditions;
Many of them occasionally match one with the other. However, its core principles have not been clearly proven.
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#Wiki
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The physical universe is a scientific theory given about the origin of the universe. One of the main features of this theory is the emergence of the universe at a particular moment rather than a continuous process. This theory says that from today about 13.7 billion years ago the universe was created from a very dense and heated state. Scientist Edwin Hubble said that when reviewing the velocity of distant galaxies overall, they are moving away from the other side, which means the universe is gradually expanding. This is explained in terms of the general theory of relativity-the Lithium-Robertson-Walker metric. With the help of these theories, past analysis shows that the entire universe has originated from an ancient point of state. In this condition, all materials and energy were very hot and dense. But there is no consensus among physicists about what happened before this condition. However, for the earlier interpretation of general relativity, the gravitational Advaita point (singhalari) has proposed a word.
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The word "Big Bang" refers to the very old explosion of the oldest point in which the universe was formed, whereas on the other hand, the explosion involved the theory of cosmology in the universe about the origin and formation of the universe. This explains the structure of the oldest objects in the universe, for which the theory of Alfar-Bete-Gamf was enacted after the Big Bang theory. A significant result of the Big Bang is that the present state of the universe is completely different from the past and future. Through this theory, in 1948 George Gamham could predict that cosmic microbial background radiation existed. It was discovered in the 1960s and it was able to prove the theory of the Big Bang theory by abolishing the theory of static theory.
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History
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The Big Bang theory has originated from the efforts of the universe and the combination of theoretical theory. Space observers see that most of the spiral nebula is moving away from the Earth. However, the explanation from the cosmological point of view is further followed, we know now that the nebula observed, was not actually the nebula but rather the galaxies outside our galaxy. George Lemetr, a Roman Catholic missionary in Belgium, first freedman equations in the field of Einstein's field of independence in 1927. Einstein introduced the field equations for general relativity. After submitting the Friedman equation, Lemetrho proposed based on the sequence of the spiral nebula, the universe has originated from a primitive atom, which is now known as the Great Explosion.
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Two years later, Edwin Hubble presented an observational evidence in favor of Lemetra's theory. He discovered that the red light removed from visible galaxies from the earth is being removed and this removal is proportional to their distances from the Earth. That is, as far away from the Earth as a galaxy, the spectrum of light emitted from it is moving towards red or long wavelengths. This phenomenon is now known as Hubble's policy. According to the cosmological principle, when the universe is found to be sufficiently large enough to reach the distance, there is no specific direction or place available. Hubble proves that this theory is true that the universe is expanding. But this theory is completely opposed to the theory of infinite and unchanging world established by Einstein.
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There are two distinct possibilities. The design of the condition of a froth, which suggests that the new particle may be formed when the universe starts expanding. According to this design, the universe remains the same in any point of time. The other is Lemmetro's Great Explosion Theory that was largely completed by George Gamham. Lemetro gave the name of this theory but Halley did. On the 28th March, 1949, in the Third Program, held in the year 1949, in Holland, in the event of a lot of humor, Lemeterra called this theory "big bang", which means a huge ruckus. Even after this, he was seen using the same name at different events. In 1950, he used this name to explain Lemetra's theory in five important lectures given on "Religion of the Object". Within a week of the lecture, each of these was published in The Listener's magazine. The name "Big Bang" is used in the first printed letter in this magazine. Apart from these two designs proposed by Hall and Lemetre, several designs are proposed to be related to the origin of the universe. Notable among these are the Milne model, the proposed volatile universe proposed by Richard Tolman and Fritz Zwicky proposed weak lighting projects.
.
For a while, there was considerable acceptability of both the state of static state and the Big Bang theory, and there was also a lot of controversy for controversy. But during the period, many important observations are attained, most of which testify to the acceptance of the second theory instead of the first. After the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation in 1964, the Big Bang theory was adopted as the most useful theory of the origin and evolution of the universe. In modern times, one of the main topics of cosmological research is the creation of galaxies in the light of the Big Bang theory and the evolution process. It is also decided from the cosmological point of view and for how exactly the explosion took place. The progress of current cosmology is largely dependent on coordination of real observations with the main theory of the Big Bang. Since the 1990s, research related to the Big Bang has become much easier. High-powered telescopes and its proper functionality make it possible. At present people have Kobe, Hubble Space Telescope and WMAP's high power debris. As a result, current globalists can easily measure the amount of big bangs. This led to an unexpected discovery; And that is the evolution of the expansionary universe.
.
General Discussion
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The age of the universe, based on three measurements, is approximately 13.7 ± 0.2 billion years. These measurements are three: the measurements of the expansion of the universe using the first type of new nebula, measure the temperature of the temperature in the cosmic microwave background, and the correlation function of the galaxies. These three measurements have been made independently and three measurements have deeply supported the so-called Lambda-CDM design. This design is capable of giving a nice description of everything inside the universe.
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In the beginning of creation, the universe was full of equilibrium and simultaneously, with very high energy density and high temperatures and stressed substances. After 10-43 seconds of the creation of the universe, the formulas of physics got the effect. So this time is called Plank time. A phase change occurs in about 10-35 seconds after the Planck period, which causes the cosmic swell to start. At this time the universe began to expand. Since then, exponential expansion of the universe has largely started.
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After the cessation of cosmic swell, there was a substance called quark-glueon plasma in the universe. Currently, this type of material is made by scientists who are known as quark gluon fluids. All components in this fluid are running subject to one another - all the basic particles in the fluid are also running in the liquid in this way. There is a reaction in this substance at one point in space-time, which is not yet known to humans. Because of this reaction, the protection of baryon numbers has been violated, and the quantity of quark and lepton particles slightly increases compared to their reaction. That means quarks and leptons have increased slightly in comparison to every quarter and per-leopard. Its rate was one percent per 1010 percent. This process is called biorogenesis.
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As the volume of the universe increases, the temperature decreases. At the time of the reduction of temperature, the state of transition occurs at one stage, resulting in symmetrical erosion. Due to the breakdown, the basic forces of physics have got separate independent existence. At the same time, the basic particles were formed, which is still in the same condition. Quark and Glouon combine to create baryons, such as protons and neutrons. Because of the increase in the quantity of quarks, the amount of baryon is slightly increased compared to the per-barium. A new proton / prototype pair can not be created under a specific temperature. Along with this, the remaining protons and prototypes begin with the full annihilation of the mass. As a result, the antitoxin becomes completely exhausted; And the proton is almost exhausted. However, some protons remain. The same happens to neutrons / rectangles. This phenomenon occurs in low temperatures at the field of electrons and allele or positron.
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After some time, protons and neutrons combined together form the first element of the universe, deuterium and helium concentrations. This process of creation is called the Big Bangle Centric Synthesis. The process of cooling the universe continues; Once the process resulted in the relative speed of the particles in the particles decreased. These particles had two types of power density: freeze density and radiation energy concentration. Due to decreasing relative velocity, the immovable energy density dominates gravitationally on the radiation energy density. After about 380,000 years of the Big Bang, electrons and nuclei combine to form atoms; Mainly, hydrogen atoms are formed. By the formula, the energy dissociated from the substance spreads into the universe in the form of radiation; Because it does not have to face any constraints. The name of this ancient radiation is cosmic microwave background radiation.
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With the expansion, the universe's distribution was almost balanced. But there was some discrepancy between this. Due to this, areas which are densely concentrated from other regions attract other objects around the gravity force. They are created by galaxies and other astronomical objects that we can see today. But this process is not so easy. Its main factors depend on the type and quantity of matter in the universe of the region. Then there were three possible substances in the universe: cold invisible objects, hot invisible objects and extrinsic objects. Based on the most reliable data from the WMAP, the most reliable information available in the universe is that the amount of coolest invisible objects in the universe is about 80 percent. The other two types of objects are only 20%
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There is a mysterious kind of power around most of the present universe. The power that is most responsible for the huge mass and energy of the universe is called invisible energy or dark energy. This invisible force is about 70 percent of the total power density of the current universe. The graphic line is not straightforward when expressing the universe's expansion through a velocity-related text. This is because of the invisible energy. That is, when the distance is too much due to this energy, then the speed of that object is much higher than normal. That is, the increase in speed increases the amount of velocity increases. When this simple matter is brought into effect, this amount of invisible energy takes the form of a cosmic constant in the field of Einstein's equation, even though the actual form of this energy is still unreliable. In other words, both theoretical and theoretical aspects of this energy position and its relation with the ideal pattern of particle physics are still left and many studies and studies remain still.
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All these observations have been linked to cosmology LAMMA-CDM design. This design, consisting of all design extract, is mainly mathematical, so that there are six free parameters. However, the mysterious situation arises when we throw the vision in the beginning of the universe. At that time the energy of the particulate matter was so high that even today's experiments can not be used in realistic research. After 10 to 33 seconds after the Big Bang, there is no known formula for the explanation of the situation in physics until today. There is no substitute for the unified theory to explain the earlier state of this period of phase difference. At the first point of the explosion, a gravitational exceptional point of view was conceived in Einstein's gravitational theory. It has been said that density at this point was infinite. To solve this physical mythology requires a quantum gravitational theory. Preparation of a time-consuming theory to understand this issue is currently the biggest solution to the problem of physics.
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The fundamental basis of the theory
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The Big Bang theory depends on the following assumptions:
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The universality of physical principles
Cosmic Principles
Copernican Principles
Initially, these ideals were considered as antecedent. But now we are trying to prove them. The universality of physical principles has been tested, it is found that the maximum structure of the constant structure on the age of the universe is more than that of the 10-5. The isotropic of the universe that defines the cosmic principle is measured as 10-5 degrees; In the form of a large range, the universe was found to be a synonym for pure 10 percent of the degree of purity. Currently trying to measure Copernican principles This is being measured by observing the interaction of the CMB with galactic and stanza. Sunyaev-Zel'dovich is considered to be the verb to see the interaction. In this case, one percent is expected to be pure.
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Integrating these assumptions with Einstein's general relativity theory implies that space-time is to be described as a problem and isotropic metric. From this it is easy to understand that this metric will be the FRW Metric. These metrics rely on a coordinate chart that is spread all over the space-time and through which we can identify any point in the space. The specific chart used is the Comoving coordinate system. The lines of this chart extend with the expansion of the universe at a rate and in the same direction. As a result, the coordinates of an astronomical object are always the same. The cumulative distance of the comoving points increases proportionally with the scale scale of the universe, although the distance of the coordination distance is equal to the coordinate distance of any two points.
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Explaining the universe with these coordinates, it is seen that the great explosion is not merely a blast of some substances in order to fill the empty universe, but the space itself has been elaborated in a specific rule and consequently the physical distance of the comoving points increased. Objects that are unified (eg: atoms, humans, stars, solar systems, galaxies) do not move away from each other by expanding with space-time expansion; Because the force that keeps them together is stronger than the force responsible for Hubble's expansion.
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Here we can use the term conformal time (η {\ displaystyle \ eta} {\ displaystyle \ eta}), in this case the whole space-time metric takes the form of a static metric and that this metric is multiplied by the overall scale producer multiplied by the original metric Goes. Conformal time coordinates are quite important. Because the amount of light radiation travels on a particular travel is equal to the convection time between the travel. From this there is understanding of the span of time and space. For example; The Big Bang took place at a specific concrete time in the past. Please say this conformational time is η0 {\ displaystyle \ eta _ {0}} {\ displaystyle \ eta _ {0}}. Now the objects of the comoving distance from η0 {\ displaystyle \ eta _ {0}} {\ displaystyle \ eta _ {0}} are far more than us that the light will never reach us from there. That is, we will never see the whole part of the universe. Here is the concept of the past horizon originated from. If the universe is expanding with acceleration, then only a specific number of conformal times will be for the future. This is expressed by ηF {\ displaystyle \ eta _ {F}} {\ displaystyle \ eta _ {F}}. Of course, this conformational time is almost unlimited compared to our clock, which is called the right time. The object that comovic distance is greater than this cηF {\ displaystyle c \ eta _ {F}} {\ displaystyle c \ eta _ {F}} will never be able to come from us. That is, we can not influence the entire universe. That is, it also has a future horizon.
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Observational evidence
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Three observations and experiments were mentioned as evidence of cosmology. These are: the expansion of Hubble-type, seen in the red erosion of the galaxies, the broad measurement of cosmic microwave background and the abundance of photocopies. In addition, the observation correlation function in large-scale formation of the universe eats well with the ideal mahaboshan theory.
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Cosmic microwave background radiation
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The Big Bang theory tells the existence of cosmic microwave background radiation. The other name is the CMB, which is composed of photons released during the first bariogenesis. As the thermal equilibrium prevailed in the original universe, radiation temperature and plasma amount were equal until the plasmas were reconnected again. Before the formation of atoms, the radiation was stabilized steadily and was absorbed again, which is known as Compton scattering. That is, the original universe was opaque to the light. However, as the universe progressed, it gradually cooled down and at one point the temperature dropped below 3,000 kilowens. At this point the concentrations and electrons combine to form atoms. At the same time, plasmas of the early era are transitional in an inert gas. The name of this process is photon decoupling. Then, in the universe, only a neutral atmosphere was combined with neutral atoms and various gases. As a result, the emitted radiation from the substance gets the opportunity to navigate the whole universe without any obstruction. Since the thermal equation prevailed in the primitive universe, then the spectrum of the radiation of the radiation was the spectrum of spectral radiation. Later, due to the Red removal of Hubble's principle, their temperature decreased and deviation from the behavior of the blacksmith.
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In 1964, Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson accidentally discovered background radiation. During this time, they were evaluating the value of various observations by a small-scale customer device owned by Bell Labs. The radiation that they discovered was isotope, and in them the body of radiation radiation was flaming; Its temperature was about 3 kelvin. This discovery became a combination of the Big Bang theory and gave Penzias and Wilson the Nobel Prize.
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In 1989 NASA sends a spacecraft to detect background radiation, named Cosmic Background Explorer Satellite or COBE. Information obtained from this artificial satellite in the 1990's supports the idea of the Big Bang theory about background radiation. The quantity of residual temperature obtained by Kobe was 2,736 Kelvin. It is also known that, the CMB isostoprifugal in one part dose of 105 percent. In 2003, more accurate information was obtained through the WMAP called Artificial Satellite. Through this, many designs related to cosmic bullying are proved wrong. However, its information remains on the basis of cosmic bulge theory.
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The abundance of elementary elementary particles
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It is possible to measure the proportion of helium-4, helium-3, deuterium, and helium-7 with the common hydrogen in the universe using the Big Bang design. The abundance of these elements depends largely on the ratio of photons and barions. The ratio that is expected (in mass) in this design is quite similar:
About 0.25 for 4He / H
About 10-3 for 2H / H
About 10-4 for 3He / H
About 10-9 for 7Li / H
These ratios can be said in advance through a single digit. That is the ratio of baryons and photons. This sequence is loose for 7Li and 4He; Because there is nothing specific to the systematic uncertainty of these two elements. However, this abundance is a clear evidence for the Big Bang theory; Because the amount of this abundance can not be explained by any theory other than the Big Bang. Surprisingly, in the new universe, deuterium is more than helium than deuterium or deuterium more than heel (3He); And they always maintain constant proportions.
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Galactic evolution and distribution
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Fine analysis shows that the distribution of galaxies and quasars and the distribution of large-scale structures support the Big Bang theory. All such observations are reviewed and it is known that about one billion years after the Big Bang took place, the first galaxies and quasars were created; And since then, there have been a large range of structures such as galaxies and superstars. The age of the galaxies is increasing gradually and there is also the evolution of evolution among them. For this reason, distant galaxies (which are very ancient) seem to be more than relatively close to the galaxy (currently observed). Furthermore, the galaxies that are formed late are very different from ancient galaxies, even if the present is remote. That is, the time of creation is becoming the chief, the key to evolution. These observations are entirely against stagnant theory.
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Problems and various important issues
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At present, almost all researchers accepted the theory of the Big Bang, but this was not the case at one time. Many people believed in some options cosmic design. These were developed by non-standard Cosmology. Over time, there have been many debates, whose main purpose was to find out exactly what design is best suited with astronomical observations. Because of the popularity of the Big Bang theory, these debates are seen from a historical perspective; To solve these, many changes have been brought to this theory, and sometimes better observations have been done. Apart from the problems that have been solved, there are more problems, such as: Caspi hello problems and cool invisible objects galaxies problems. However, these problems are not very contradictory to the Big Bang theory.
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The Big Bang theory gave birth to many questions which have no correct observation system in our world. These include problems arising from invisible strength, invisible objects, cosmic bulge, etc. These are known to be soluble in physics. To solve these, we need to study the main subject of the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation and the study of the new stars in the formation of a vast range of the universe. The gravitational effects of the problem are quite understandable today through observation and theory. But these theories were not properly arranged in the ideal patterns of particle physics. Many have tried to find out the answers by basic physics, and this has created different theories. Here are some important issues and other issues related to it:
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Horizon problem
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The horizontal problem has been created since the notion that information can not run faster than the light. From this, it is understood that there is no possibility of causal linking between two space in the distance in which the distance between the distance is greater than the speed of light and the age of the universe. The ecosystem that observed cosmic microwave background radiation has caused more problems in this case, since the horizon of this period is about the size of the space of about 2 degrees. If the universe had to be elongated from Planck EPP in the same way, the temperature in these regions could not be the same.
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Equality Problems
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Equality problem is an observational problem related to the Freudman-Lemight-Robertson Walker metric. Generally there are three types of geometry in the universe: hyperbolic geometry, Euclidean geometry or elliptical geometry. Which kind of geometry will work depending on the amount of total energy of the measured universe, with the help of the torque-tensor tensor. If the density of the universe is less than the density of the tropics, it will abide by the hyperbolic geometry, if the elliptical and the equal is Euclidean. The universe must have lived in 1015 percent of the density of its original condition. Whether it was its thermal death or severe constriction, these fields would not exist anymore in the universe. This problem has emerged as a solution of the volatile theory of the universe. At the inflationary stage, space-time had expanded so much that any residual curvature associated with it would have been exhausted very well. That is why it is said that after accepting the bulk of the universe, the universe has to get almost completely flat.
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Magnetic monopoles
The first magnetic monochrome concept was raised in the late 1970s. According to the Great Integrated Theory, it was predicted that there are several pointers in the space that could be published as a magnetic monochrome more than normal observation. It is possible to reach a solution to this problem by cosmic bullet theory. Inflammation theory removes all the defects in the observable universe, just as it creates an environment suitable to describe the structure of the universe as flat.
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Baryon unpredictability
This matter is still unclear why antimatter is more than the antimatter in the universe. It is assumed that when the universe was fresh and hot, it was maintaining a statistical equilibrium that means it was equal to the amount of baryon and every barium. But the current observation has proved that the observable universe is almost entirely composed of materials. The solution to this is said, an unknown method called bariogenesis is causing this inconvenience. Sakharov conditions must be fulfilled for bariogenesis. Scientists Andrei Sakharov raises these conditions. These conditions have said that the universe must contain the baryan number which is not preserved, it must be violated by sy symmetry and CP-symmetry and the universe must be away from the heat-resistant equilibrium. All these conditions are observed in the standard design, but its effect could not present enough evidence to explain the existing baryan abnormalities. Research is currently underway in Geneva to find enough hybrid hydrogen storage, so that the spectrum of hydrogen can be compared to them. If there is any difference between their spectral, then it will violate the CPT symmetry, and even though Lorentz will be violated.
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Spherical stanza era
The observation of globular clusters in the 1990s is not consistent with the Big Bang theory. According to the computer simulation of the total number of spherical stanzas in the universe in the universe, it is known that they were formed approximately 15 billion years ago. But according to the Big Bang theory, the universe is only 13.7 billion years old. Of course, this problem is solved a few years later, when more advanced technologies emerge in computer simulation. At this time the effects of stellar wind are observed and the stanzas are much less available. Of course, there is still doubt that the exact age of the stanzas is determined correctly. But there is no doubt that they are one of the oldest creations of the universe.
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Invisible object
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It was proved by various observations in the 1970s and 80s, that the amount of apparent energy of the galactic force in the universe and its gravitational force in the intermediate space
It is not possible to provide energy to the visible substances that are proportional to the amount of the elements in the universe. That is, the energy is much higher than that of certain substances. After this, scientists were forced to accept that almost 90% of the universe is not the general baryon material, but they are dark matter. Previously it was thought that all the elements in the universe are common, which we can see or understand. But this idea was incompatible with the observation. Excluding the idea of the invisible object, the amount of deuterium in the universe should be less than it is now. To solve this problem, there is no guarantee except invisible objects. Although this material created a great deal of controversy after the first discovery, most of the world's topologists still accepted it. Because there is no substitute for explaining the anisotrophy that has been observed through the CMB in a scientific way. Also, the presence of this object has to be acknowledged by the introduction of galaxies, the distribution of large-scale universe, gravitational lensing studies, and dyeing radiation from the galactic vertex. In 2006, with the observation of the bullets of galactic galaxies in August 2006, scientists are now convinced of invisible objects. It is almost impossible to identify invisible objects. Because its gravitational effects are not understood properly. Until now, no inventory could be found in a laboratory. The topic of many important research in particle physics is currently invisible.
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Invisible strength
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In the 1990s, a detailed statistics of the total mass density of the universe were released. According to this statistic, the mass density of the universe is only 30% of the tropic density. By measuring the cosmic microwave background, it is known that the universe is almost almost flat. For this reason, there is no interpretation of about 70 percent of the energy density. This mystery now points to another topic: It has been proved through the independent measurement of the type of ultra-innovation that the expansion of the universe is being carried out in an atomic acceleration. To understand this acceleration, it is necessary to take into account the concept of a universe in general relativity theory that there is a need to have a large number of negative energy components. This is the idea of the invisible energy that has come from here. It is believed that this energy constitutes the remaining 70%. Its nature is one of the mysterious issues of the current Big Bang theory. Potential solutions are found in the calculation of the cosmic constant's scalar values and the amount of quintessence that constitutes physical space. However, the research is still going on to understand this issue. According to the data obtained from WMAP in 2006, there are 74% invisible strength in the universe, 22% invisible objects and only 4% of the common objects.
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According to the Big Bang theory, the future
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Before the discovery of invisible energy, cosmologists used to have two ideas about the consequences of the universe. If the mass density of the universe is more than the concentration of the troposphere, then the universe will begin to shrink again after reaching a certain size. Then it will be thick and hot again and once it reaches the original condition that the great contraction started. On the other hand, if the density is equal to or less than the concentration of the tropics, then the expansion will slow down, but will never end. The more the universe will expand, the more its density will be reduced and the new stars will not be formed. The average temperature in the universe will be asymptotic, and the condition of large freeze will be created. During this time, black holes will be self-evaporated. Entropy of the universe will grow to a point where it will not get any well-organized strength. The name of this condition is the thermal death of the universe. In addition, if proton is unstable, then hydrogen (one of the primary baryonic numbers in the current universe) will disappear, only radiation will remain.
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With modern observation on the expansion of the universe, we know that the present visible universe will go out of our event horizon and we can not even see the current visible places. It is not known what could be true. The invisible force of the universe has been shown as a cosmic constant in Lambda-CDM design. This theory states that only the gravitationally limited objects in the universe will be together, such as the galaxy; However, due to the expansion and cooling of the universe, they will also cause thermal death. Another theory is the Phantom Power Doctrine. According to this, galaxies, stars, planets, atoms or concentrations will all be scattered at one time and in the ever-expanding universe, the Big Rip will be created once for that.
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Estimated physics beyond the boundary of the Big Bang
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Although the theory of superbness in the universe may seem inevitable, its future may need to be reformed. In our time, our actual knowledge of the time we have assumed that swell has started is very limited. Theory of help can be more than just the image of the universe presented. In the case of inflation, we certainly do not realize that exponential expansion has pushed large areas of space out of our observable horizons. Detailed knowledge about what actually happened when the formulas of physics are understandable on the high power scale. All assumptions about this are discussed as quantum gravitation.
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Here are some suggestions:
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All other designs, including the condition of the Hartle-Hawking border, have been found to be finite in space-time;
The brain cosmology design, in which the brain is included in inflation. This theory suggests swelling of the brain theory due to the movement of the brain; Pre-maelstrom design, monochromatic design in which the great explosion is seen as a cause of collision among brains and the cycle design. The latter is a different form of apeirotic design in which case collision occurs periodically;
The chaotic bulge, in which the swell for the universe began with some random conditions;
Many of them occasionally match one with the other. However, its core principles have not been clearly proven.
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